This paper gives an up-date of the scientific knowledge of changes that occurred in the flora of the North Sea since the Quality Status Report of the North Sea was published in 1994, and the Dobris Assessment (Europe’s Environment) was published in 1995. It shows that, as an epi-continental semi-enclosed marine ecosystem, the North Sea conditions create complex interactions between the flora and the marine environment. Plankton distribution and succession are considered in the light of recent research, with a focus on ecosystem modelling. Changes in macrophyte biodiversity are reviewed in connection with pollution. Symptoms of eutrophication are believed to be responses to increases in primary production. Community changes in plankton, seaweeds, and eelgrass also influence lower and higher levels in the food web. The possible effects of predicted climate changes on the flora of the North Sea are investigated. The review demonstrates that, in the future, potential changes could affect the flora in relation to changes in solar radiation and temperature. Finally, attention is paid to crucial needs in related research, education, and conservation of species and habitats.
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