Ships sailing in harbour environments will experience four-quadrant manoeuvres, based on the direction of ship velocity and propeller rate. A better understanding of ship hydrodynamics in such manoeuvres will contribute to the navigation safety. Aimed at ships equipped with a conventional single propeller and single rudder, the hydrodynamic performance of a rudder with the engine ahead and astern is studied. The KP505 propeller and NACA 0018 semi-balanced rudder (from the KCS benchmark ship) are selected for numerical studies for extended experimental data published. After validating numerical methods with open-water test data for the single propeller and the single rudder, CFD simulations based on RANS methods are conducted for different advance ratios ahead and astern, with rudder deflections ranging from 0 to 15 degrees. To understand propeller impact on lift and drag forces of the rudder in different working conditions, inflow to the rudder in propeller slipstreams are analysed by extracting the flow field data in different profiles along the rudder span. Streamlines around the rudder and pressure distributions on the rudder surfaces, along with the turbulent kinematic energy distributions and the vortex structures visualised by Q-criterion, are compared to reveal propeller-rudder interaction mechanisms in ahead and astern conditions. The study shows that the propeller rotation mode has a significant impact on rudder inflow patterns, and induced rudder forces change in different trends with propeller loading variations.
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